On large structures and turbulent mixing in confined mixing layers under forcing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract New phenomena have been observed experimentally in a novel rapid mixing process, where a confined mixing layer in a pipe is periodically forced, especially under strong forcing. In the confined configuration without forcing, there are two incommensurable peaks in the scalar power spectrum: one corresponds to the well‐known Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, but the other is not known, having a narrow‐frequency band around a nearly constant frequency that is independent of the mean flow velocity. With strong forcing within the narrow‐frequency band, the spreading angle of the mixing layer is not restrained by the well‐known saturation phenomenon, but could even achieve a quasi‐ 180 ° immediately downstream of the trailing edge, exhibiting an extraordinarily fast mixing. The mixing layer not only biases to the low‐speed side as the conventional mixing layer does, it could also be symmetric to the splitterplate and even bias to the high‐speed side. These phenomena can be observed only when the forcing is within the narrow‐frequency band. We also find that the streamwise vortices, which result from interaction between the primary vorticity and the vorticity originating from the streamwise corner flow between the splitterplate and sidewall immediately downstream of the trailing edge of the splitterplate, could play an important role for these new observations. These streamwise vortices are very sensitive to initial periodic forcing at the narrow‐frequency band and amplify very fast. The results indicate that the confined mixing layer in a pipe is a very interesting flow. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".