Characterizing and Responding to Seismic Risk Associated with Earthquakes Potentially Triggered by Fluid Disposal and Hydraulic Fracturing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research Article| June 10, 2015 Characterizing and Responding to Seismic Risk Associated with Earthquakes Potentially Triggered by Fluid Disposal and Hydraulic Fracturing Randi Jean Walters; Randi Jean Walters aDepartment of Geophysics, Stanford University, 397 Panama Mall B59, Stanford, California 94305 U.S.Awalters1@stanford.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Mark D. Zoback; Mark D. Zoback bDepartment of Geophysics, Stanford University, 397 Panama Mall Room 347, Stanford, California 94305 U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jack W. Baker; Jack W. Baker cDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega Room 283, Stanford, California 94305 U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Gregory C. Beroza Gregory C. Beroza dDepartment of Geophysics, Stanford University, 397 Panama Mall Room 355, Stanford, California 94305 U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Randi Jean Walters aDepartment of Geophysics, Stanford University, 397 Panama Mall B59, Stanford, California 94305 U.S.Awalters1@stanford.edu Mark D. Zoback bDepartment of Geophysics, Stanford University, 397 Panama Mall Room 347, Stanford, California 94305 U.S.A Jack W. Baker cDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega Room 283, Stanford, California 94305 U.S.A Gregory C. Beroza dDepartment of Geophysics, Stanford University, 397 Panama Mall Room 355, Stanford, California 94305 U.S.A Publisher: Seismological Society of America First Online: 14 Jul 2017 Online ISSN: 1938-2057 Print ISSN: 0895-0695 © 2015 by the Seismological Society of America Seismological Research Letters (2015) 86 (4): 1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150048 Article history First Online: 14 Jul 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Randi Jean Walters, Mark D. Zoback, Jack W. Baker, Gregory C. Beroza; Characterizing and Responding to Seismic Risk Associated with Earthquakes Potentially Triggered by Fluid Disposal and Hydraulic Fracturing. Seismological Research Letters 2015;; 86 (4): 1110–1118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150048 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySeismological Research Letters Search Advanced Search For nearly a century, earthquakes apparently triggered by fluid injection have been observed in many parts of the world (National Research Council [NRC], 2012). Although injection‐related seismicity is a well‐known phenomenon, recent years have seen a dramatic increase in earthquake occurrence apparently associated with oil and gas development. This increase has been most notable in the central and eastern United States (Ellsworth, 2013). Recent occurrences of felt events in areas of significant populations have brought attention to this issue from the public, oil and gas operators, regulators, and academics. Though fluid disposal and hydraulic fracturing both... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".