Prophylactic effect of liposomal N-acetylcysteine against LPS-induced liver injuries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and liposomally-encapsulated NAC (L-NAC) in ameliorating the hepatotoxic effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS, a major cell wall molecule of Gram-negative bacteria and the principal initiator of septic shock, causes liver injury in vivo that is dependent on neutrophils, platelets, and several inflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated intravenously with saline, plain liposomes (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine [DPPC]), NAC (25 mg/kg body weight), or L-NAC (25 mg/kg NAC body weight) and 4 h later were challenged intravenously with LPS (Escherichia coli O111:B4, 1.0 mg/kg body weight); animals were killed 20 h post-LPS challenge. Hepatic cell injury was evaluated by measuring the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in plasma. LPS-induced activation of the inflammatory response was evaluated by measuring the levels of myeloperoxidase activity and chloramine concentration in liver homogenates as well as TNF-alpha levels in plasma. The hepatic levels of lipid peroxidation products and non-protein thiols (NPSH) were used to assess the extent of involvement of oxidative stress mechanisms. In general, challenge of animals with LPS resulted in hepatic injuries, activation of the inflammatory response, decreases in NPSH levels and increases in the levels of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals). Pretreatment of animals with NAC or empty liposomes did not have any significant protective effect against LPS-induced hepatotoxicity. On the other hand, pretreatment of animals with an equivalent dose of L-NAC conferred protection against the liver injuries induced following LPS challenge. These data suggest that NAC when delivered as a liposomal formulation is a potentially more effective prophylactic pharmacological agent in alleviating LPS-induced liver injuries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".