Effect of holding temperature, shackling, sex, and age on broiler breast meat quality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antemortem holding temperature and flapping can affect broiler pectoralis major (referred to as p. major) meat quality. The influence of environmental temperature 12 to 14 h before processing and antemortem handling on p. major functional properties and color was tested at multiple processing ages in a 3 × 2 × 5 factorial design study. At 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 d of age, mixed-sex broilers were crated and held in one of 3 target temperature treatments: heat (30°C), thermoneutral (21°C), or cool (7°C). Following feed withdrawal, birds were transported to a processing facility where either a long (120 s) or short (<10 s) shackling treatment was imposed. Sex was determined at processing. Lightness, redness, and yellowness values were measured at deboning [4.50 to 8.25 h postmortem (PM)] and at 24 h PM. Ultimate pH was measured at 24 h PM. Drip loss, cook loss, and Allo-Kramer shear force were determined at 72 h PM. Ultimate pH was highest in the cool treatment, with no difference between heat and thermoneutral treatments (5.97 vs. 5.87 and 5.90, respectively; P = 0.0004). Ultimate pH correlated negatively with drip loss (r = -0.47; P < 0.0001). Drip loss was lowest in the cool treatment, with no difference between the heat and thermoneutral treatments (2.06 vs. 2.24 and 2.19%, respectively; P = 0.007). The p. major from broilers in the heat treatment had higher Allo-Kramer shear force values than those in both the thermoneutral and cool treatments (4.64 kg/g vs. 4.21 and 4.21 kg/g, respectively; P = 0.023). With the exception of 49 d, broilers subjected to the long shackling treatment had higher redness values at deboning than broilers subjected to the short shackling treatment; by 24 h PM only the 28-d broilers subjected to the long shackling treatment had higher redness values. Higher hue angles at deboning and 24 h PM were observed in the short treatment compared with the long treatment (65.58 vs. 57.46 and 68.48 vs. 63.31, respectively; P < 0.0001), indicating that p. major from long-shackled broilers were redder in appearance. Ultimate pH was lower in female broilers than in male broilers (5.87 vs. 5.96, respectively; P < 0.0001) and subsequent drip loss was higher in females compared with males (2.34 vs. 1.99%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Although temperature and handling before slaughter affected p. major color and texture traits, the differences may not be large enough to have commercial significance. Differences in p. major quality attributable to sex of the bird may have greater commercial significance than previously reported.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".