Atmospheric nitrogen dioxide at ambient levels stimulates growth and development of horticultural plants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We recently discovered that atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) at ambient levels acts as a signal to Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani, causing these plants to double both their biomass and all of the cell contents. Herein, we addressed whether this effect of NO 2 is also observed in various horticultural plants. Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.), and pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Lam.) were grown with 50, 200, 100, and 200 µL·L –1 , respectively, of air supplemented with stable isotope-labelled ( 15 N) NO 2 , for 5−6 weeks. Control plants were grown without NO 2 (<5 µL·L –1 ). All plants were irrigated with nonlabelled nitrate. The presence of NO 2 doubled both the aboveground and belowground biomass in sunflowers compared with their growth in the absence of NO 2 , whereas lettuce, cucumber, and pumpkin doubled in aboveground biomass only. Contents per shoot of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were almost doubled during the “NO 2 -enhanced” growth in lettuce, but not in other plants. Mass spectrometry analysis of 15 N/ 14 N indicated that only a minor proportion (0.2%–14%) of total plant N was derived from NO 2 , implying that exogenous NO 2 acts as a signal rather than a significant nutrient source in horticultural plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".