Introducing the elliptical carrier for PWM inverters: Derivation and properties for phase-shift compensation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carrier-based Sinusoidal PWM schemes have been developed in order to improve the output spectrum of power inverters, disregarding its phase characteristic. Additionally, the carriers analyzed in the literature have always consisted in triangular or sawtooth waveforms. This paper introduces a modified carrier able to manipulate the phase of the reference signal in Sinusoidal PWM while maintaining the characteristics of its frequency spectrum. The paper presents a method that can be applied to find the modified carrier for a given phase-shift by calculating the PWM pulse widths. Initially, the pulse widths are approximated to a sinusoidal function by assuming a high switching frequency, and then a recursive numerical method is proposed for moderate to low frequencies. The phase control characteristics and the nature of the elliptical carrier are studied, and finally an FFT analysis is performed to evaluate the resulting signals. The elliptical carrier is a significant contribution towards the extension of properties in carrier-based PWM modulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".