Refractive laser surgery in children with coexisting medical and ocular pathology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To report the visual, refractive, and functional outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and of laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy in a group of children with significant refractive error and underlying medical conditions or ocular pathology who were noncompliant with traditional management. SETTING: Nonhospital surgical facility and a hospital clinic. METHODS: This case series comprised 5 individual cases of anisometropic amblyopia and/or high myopia. Underlying medical and ocular conditions were as follows: upper eyelid hemangioma with oblique myopic astigmatism, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher leukodystrophy with nystagmus, Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with glaucoma, incontinentia pigmenti with unilateral optic nerve atrophy, and Goldenhar syndrome with unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. Photorefractive keratectomy or LASEK was performed in 6 eyes of 5 patients. Age range at the time of surgery was 1.0 to 7.0 years. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. RESULTS: Best corrected visual acuity improved by 2 lines in 2 patients and 1 line in 2 patients by 6 months after surgery. Stereopsis and/or fusional status improved in 3 patients. Amblyopia treatment compliance improved in 1 patient. Alignment improved without strabismus surgery in 2 cases. A functional vision survey demonstrated a positive effect on the ability of all 5 children to function in their environment. CONCLUSION: During the period of visual cortical plasticity, refractive surgery, by eliminating the refractive component of amblyopia and by promoting fusional ability, provides considerable improvement in children, even those with underlying medical conditions associated with ocular pathology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".