← Back to cohort
A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Stephen S Lim, Theo Vos, Abraham D Flaxman, Goodarz Danaei, Kenji Shibuya, Heather Adair‐Rohani, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, Markus Amann, H Ross Anderson, Kathryn Andrews, Martin J. Aryee, Charles Atkinson, Loraine Bacchus, Adil N Bahalim, Kalpana Balakrishnan, John R. Balmes, Suzanne Barker‐Collo, Amanda Baxter, Michelle L. Bell, Jed D Blore, Fiona Blyth, Carissa Bonner, Guilherme Borges, Rupert Bourne, Michel Boussinesq, Michael Bräuer, Peter Brooks, Nigel Bruce, Bert Brunekreef, Claire Bryan-Hancock, Chiara Bucello, Rachelle Buchbinder, Fiona Bull, Richard T. Burnett, Tim Byers, Bianca Calabria, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Emily Carnahan, Zoë Chafe, Fiona Charlson, Honglei Chen, Jian Chen, Andrew T. A. Cheng, Jennifer Child, Aaron J. Cohen, K. Ellicott Colson, Sarah C. Darby, S. M. Darling, Adrian Davis, Louisa Degenhardt, Frank Dentener, Don C. Des Jarlais, Karen Devries, Mukesh Dherani, Eric L. Ding, E. Ray Dorsey, Tim Driscoll, Karen Edmond, Suad Eltahir Ali, Rebecca E Engell, Patricia J. Erwin, Saman Fahimi, Gail Falder, Farshad Farzadfar, Alize J Ferrari, Mariel M. Finucane, Seth Flaxman, F.G.R. Fowkes, Greg Freedman, Michael K Freeman, Emmanuela Gakidou, Santu Ghosh, Edward L. Giovannucci, Gerhard Gmel, Kathryn Graham, Rebecca Grainger, Bridget F. Grant, David Gunnell, Hialy Gutierrez, Wayne Hall, Hans W. Hoek, Anthony Hogan, Hung Chak Ho, Damian Hoy, Howard Hu, Bryan Hubbell, Sally Hutchings, S Ibeanusi, Gemma Jacklyn, Rashmi Jasrasaria, Jost B Jonas, Haidong Kan, John А. Kanis, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Norito Kawakami, Young‐Ho Khang, Shahab Khatibzadeh, Jon‐Paul Khoo, Cindy Kok, Francine Laden, Ratilal Lalloo, Qing Lan, Timothy Lathlean, Janet L Leasher, J. Paul Leigh, Yang Li, John K. Lin, Steven E. Lipshultz, Stephanie J. London, Rafael Lozano, Yuan Lu, Joelle Mak, Reza Malekzadeh, Leslie Mallinger, Wagner Marcenes, Lyn March, Robin Marks, Randall V. Martin, Paul McGale, John J. McGrath, Sumi Mehta, Ziad A. Memish, George A. Mensah, Tony R. Merriman, Renata Micha, Catherine Michaud, Vinod Mishra, Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah, Ali A Mokdad, Lídia Morawska, Dariush Mozaffarian, Tasha Murphy, Mohsen Naghavi, Bruce Neal, Paul K Nelson, Joan M. Nolla, Rosana Norman, Casey Olives, Saad B Omer, J. Orchard, Richard H. Osborne, Bart Ostro, Andrew Page, Kiran Pandey, Charles Parry, Erin Passmore, Jayadeep Patra, Neil Pearce, Pamela M Pelizzari, Max Petzold, Michael Phillips, Daniel Pope, C. Arden Pope, John Powles, Mayuree Rao, Homie Razavi, Eva Rehfuess, Jürgen T Rehm, Beate Ritz, Frederick P. Rivara, Thomas Roberts, Carolyn Robinson, Jose Adolfo Rodriguez-Portales, Isabelle Romieu, Robin Room, Lisa C Rosenfeld, Ananya Roy, Lesley Rushton, Joshua A. Salomon, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Lídia Sànchez-Riera, Ella Sanman, Amir Sapkota, Soraya Seedat, Peilin Shi, Kevin D. Shield, Rupak Shivakoti, Gitanjali M Singh, David A. Sleet, Emma Smith, Kirk R. Smith, Nicolas J C Stapelberg, Kyle Steenland, Heidi Stöckl, Lars Jacob Stovner, Kurt Straif, Lahn Straney, George D. Thurston, JIMMY H. TRAN, Rita Van Dingenen, Aaron van Donkelaar, Lennert Veerman, Lakshmi Vijayakumar, Robert Weintraub, Myrna M. Weissman, Richard White, Harvey Whiteford, Steven Wiersma, James D. Wilkinson, Hywel C Williams, Warwick Williams, Nicholas Wilson, Anthony D. Woolf, Paul Yip, Jan M. Zielinski, Alan D López, Christopher J L Murray, Majid Ezzati
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Lancet · 2012
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicHealth disparities and outcomes
Canadian institutionsSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of British ColumbiaPublic Health OntarioDalhousie UniversityUniversity of TorontoCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthHealth Canada
FundersDivision of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteMailman School of Public Health, Columbia UniversityNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNHLBI Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute on AgingInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaNational Institute for Materials ScienceHealth Research Council of New ZealandNational Health and Medical Research CouncilMedical Research CouncilJoint Research CentreAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva UniversityNational Cancer InstituteFoundation for Alcohol Research and EducationNational Institutes of HealthAnglia Ruskin UniversityTehran University of Medical Sciences and Health ServicesImperial College LondonUniversity of TorontoFudan UniversityBundesministerium für GesundheitHealth Effects InstituteUniversity of UlsanMonash UniversityRijksuniversiteit GroningenNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchNational Research FoundationInstitute for Health Metrics and EvaluationUniversity of BristolU.S. Environmental Protection AgencySchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonUniversity of OxfordUniversity of WarwickUniversity of OtagoCarnegie Mellon UniversityAcademia SinicaSafe Work AustraliaCancer Research UKWorld Health OrganizationImperial College Healthcare NHS TrustUniversity of OttawaJohns Hopkins UniversityBill and Melinda Gates FoundationUniversity of WashingtonUniversitair Medisch Centrum GroningenYeshiva UniversityHealth CanadaVanderbilt UniversityPan American Health OrganizationCenters for Disease Control and PreventionUniversity of MelbourneHarvard UniversityEuropean CommissionSociedad Española de ReumatologíaRobert Wood Johnson FoundationDepartment of Health, State Government of VictoriaNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesWilliam and Flora Hewlett Foundation
KeywordsMedicineEnvironmental healthBurden of diseaseAttributable riskDisease burdenDisability-adjusted life yearYears of potential life lostRisk assessmentRelative riskRisk factorDiseaseDemographyConfidence intervalLife expectancyPopulation
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.007
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.009
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Meta-analysis · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.097
Threshold uncertainty score0.194
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.017 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.071
GPT teacher head0.399
Teacher spread0.327 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designMeta-analysis
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations11,993
Published2012
Admission routes2
Has abstractno