Differential type 1 interferon‐regulated gene expression in the brain during AIDS: interactions with viral diversity and neurovirulence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The lentiviruses, human and feline immunodeficiency viruses (HIV‐1 and FIV, respectively), infect the brain and cause neurovirulence, evident as neuronal injury, inflammation, and neurobehavioral abnormalities with diminished survival. Herein, different lentivirus infections in conjunction with neural cell viability were investigated, concentrating on type 1 interferon‐regulated pathways. Transcriptomic network analyses showed a preponderance of genes involved in type 1 interferon signaling, which was verified by increased expression of the type 1 interferon‐associated genes, Mx1 and CD317 , in brains from HIV‐infected persons ( P <0.05). Leukocytes infected with different strains of FIV or HIV‐1 showed differential Mx1 and CD317 expression ( P <0.05). In vivo studies of animals infected with the FIV strains, FIV ch or FIV ncsu , revealed that FIV ch ‐infected animals displayed deficits in memory and motor speed compared with the FIV ncsu ‐ and mock‐infected groups ( P <0.05). TNF‐α, IL‐1β , and CD40 expression was increased in the brains of FIV ch ‐infected animals; conversely, Mx1 and CD317 transcript levels were increased in the brains of FIV ncsu ‐infected animals, principally in microglia ( P <0.05). Gliosis and neuronal loss were evident among FIV ch ‐infected animals compared with mock‐ and FIV ncsu ‐infected animals ( P <0.05). Lentiviral infections induce type 1 interferon‐regulated gene expression in microglia in a viral diversity‐dependent manner, representing a mechanism by which immune responses might be exploited to limit neurovirulence.—Polyak, M. J., Vivithanaporn, P., Maingat, F. G., Walsh, J. G., Branton, W., Cohen, E. A., Meeker, R., Power, C. Differential type 1 interferon‐regulated gene expression in the brain during AIDS: interactions with viral diversity and neurovirulence. FASEB J. 27, 2829‐2844 (2013). www.fasebj.org
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".