Immunosuppressive Tryptophan Catabolism and Gut Mucosal Dysfunction Following Early HIV Infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism into kynurenine (Kyn) contributes to immune dysfunction in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To better define the relationship between Trp catabolism, inflammation, gut mucosal dysfunction, and the role of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), we prospectively assessed patients early after they acquired HIV. METHODS: Forty patients in the early phase of infection were longitudinally followed for 12 months after receiving a diagnosis of HIV infection; 24 were untreated, and 16 were receiving ART. Kyn/Trp ratio, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) frequency, T-cell activation, dendritic cell counts, and plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, and lipopolysaccharide were assessed. RESULTS: Compared with healthy subjects, patients in the early phase of infection presented with elevated Kyn/Trp ratios, which further increased in untreated patients but normalized in ART recipients. Accordingly, in untreated subjects, the elevated Treg frequency observed at baseline continued to increase over time. The highest CD8(+) T-cell activation was observed during the early phase of infection and decreased in untreated patients, whereas activation normalized in ART recipients. The Kyn/Trp ratio was positively associated with CD8(+) T-cell activation and levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6, interferon γ-inducible protein 10, interleukin 18, and tumor necrosis factor α) and negatively associated with dendritic cell frequencies at baseline and in untreated patients. However, ART did not normalize plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers. CONCLUSIONS: Early initiation of ART normalized enhanced Trp catabolism and immune activation but did not improve plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".