Continuous Synthesis of Tin and Indium Oxide Nanoparticles in Sub‐ and Supercritical Water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nanocrystalline tin and indium oxides (In 2 O 3 /SnO 2 ) were synthesized in sub‐ and supercritical water at 350°/380°C and 30 MPa in <73 s in a tubular flow reactor from an aqueous solution of {SnCl 4 +InCl 3 } (0.2 M ). The conversion rate for tin was 100%. Nanoparticles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), emitted X‐rays, Raman, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The bulk particles were composed of In, Sn, and O atoms, and made up of cubic In 2 O 3 (10 nm) and tetragonal SnO 2 (5.5 nm) crystals. After calcination at 500°C for 2 h, little change occurred in the particle size and crystal phase. Traces of tin‐doped indium oxide particles were also formed as confirmed by the TEM electron diffraction pattern. Using this one‐step, high‐temperature hydrothermal process, oxide nanoparticles can be continuously and conveniently produced in a well‐controlled process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".