Stable carbon isotopic ratios and ionic composition of the high‐Arctic aerosols: An increase in <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values from winter to spring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atmospheric particles were collected in the high Arctic at Alert during winter (February) and spring (April–May) and were subjected to stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) measurements to better understand the source of carbonaceous aerosols. The mean δ13C values of aerosol total carbon (TC) were observed to increase from winter (−25.7 ± 0.7‰) to spring (−23.7 ± 0.8‰). A strong correlation (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.001) was found between the δ13C values and Na+/TC ratios. The increased δ13C values were most likely explained by an enhanced sea‐to‐air emission of marine organic matter to the high Arctic and also by a decreased atmospheric transport of anthropogenic carbon from the midlatitudes. The backward trajectory analysis together with inorganic ion analysis indicated that spring aerosols were more affected by the Arctic Ocean than winter aerosols that were mainly derived from the primary pollutants emitted in the midlatitudes. On the basis of the δ13C values and Na+/TC ratios, contribution of marine organic matter to aerosol TC was estimated to be 45% in late spring. The enhanced sea‐to‐air emission of marine organic carbon is probably linked with a melting of sea ice, expansion of leads, and increased biological activity in the Arctic Ocean after the polar sunrise in spring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".