The Self-Inflating Resuscitation Bag Delivers High Oxygen Concentrations When Used Without a Reservoir: Implications for Neonatal Resuscitation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To measure the delivered fractional oxygen concentration (F(DO(2))) from preterm-size Laerdal silicone resuscitators (PLSR) without a reservoir. BACKGROUND: The North American Neonatal Resuscitation Program manual states that self-inflating bags without a reservoir deliver approximately 40% oxygen, differing from the PLSR manufacturer's specifications. METHODS: A neonatal test lung was manually ventilated using PLSRs without a reservoir. A 50 psi 100% oxygen source and an oxygen flow meter were used to provide desired oxygen inlet flows. F(DO(2)) was measured using 3 different PLSRs after 4 min of manual ventilation of a neonatal test lung, at differing inspired tidal volumes (5 mL or 20 mL), respiratory rates (40 breaths/min or 60 breaths/min), and oxygen inlet flows (1 to 4, 5, and 10 L/min). RESULTS: In all tests using 5 or 10 L/min, exceeded 0.95. The lowest F(DO(2)) was 0.59, at 1 L/min. CONCLUSIONS: The F(DO(2)) measured during this study did not differ from PLSR specifications. The F(DO(2)) did, however, differ from information contained in the North American Neonatal Resuscitation Program manual regarding use of a self-inflating bag without a reservoir. Care should be taken when selecting a self-inflating resuscitation device to provide blended air and oxygen, as high concentrations of oxygen may be delivered by these devices even when the reservoir is removed. American and Canadian recommendations for the provision of supplemental oxygen with self-inflating bags require reevaluation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.026 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".