Avascular Necrosis: Vascular Bed/Organ Structure and Function in Health and Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a clinical entity in which bone death occurs as a result of interruption of blood at the level of the microcirculation. The etiology and pathogenesis of nontraumatic AVN have not been fully elucidated. The understanding of this disease progression is important for several reasons. First, AVN is a devastating musculoskeletal condition that strongly impacts those affected. Second, it tends to occur in young people. Third, current treatments are suboptimal since they are, for the most part, palliative rather than curative. Finally, we are currently unable to identify individuals who will develop AVN, even in the group considered at high risk; consequently, practitioners are not able to stop the progression of the disease or reverse the process once AVN has developed. Although the actual prevalence of the disease is unknown, an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 new patients with AVN are diagnosed each year in the United States (1). AVN is the underlying diagnosis in 5% to 18% of the more than 500,000 total hip arthroplasties performed yearly in the United States and Western Europe (1). AVN has been associated with a variety of risk factors, and classified as either secondary or idiopathic. Environmental risk factors include hyperlipidemia, steroid use, alcohol, various blood dyscrasias (e.g., hemoglobinopathies, coagulopathies), pregnancy, hyperbaric exposure, use of chemotherapeutic agents, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, lipid storage diseases (Gaucher disease), and familial thrombophilias (1). The condition may occur in up to 30% of patients with lupus erythematosus. In a large U.S. study of 2,590 patients with sickle cell disease, Milner and associates reported a prevalence of 9.8% (1). There is also a high incidence of AVN among organ transplant recipients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".