Bibliographic record
Abstract
Is the declining incidence of trials a uniquely American phenomenon or does it reflect a broader trend in the common‐law world? To explore this question, this article examines trial patterns in England and Wales (both civil and criminal) and in the Canadian province of Ontario (civil only). There is a reasonably clear pattern of declining numbers (and rates) of civil trials in both jurisdictions examined, although in England and Wales much of the change reflects changes in jurisdiction and procedure. Some of the common patterns across the three countries may reflect the international focus of alternative dispute resolution, and some of the pattern may reflect ongoing changes in civil procedure. In England and Wales, the incidence of criminal trials in the Crown Court shows a remarkable pattern of stability, even as the number of cases rises and falls during the period examined; the reason for this pattern of stability is unclear.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".