Winter Ranges of Migratory Turkey Vultures in Venezuela
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We used four Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite transmitters to calculate the wintering ranges of migratory Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura) that breed in Saskatchewan, Canada, and winter in Venezuela. Between 2007 and 2011, 95% fixed-kernel estimators of range size varied from 54 to 76 731 km2 with an average of 16 814 ± 28 606 km2 (SD), while those calculated with 95% Minimum Convex Polygons ranged from 22 to 46 778 km2 and averaged 9545 ± 17 356 km2. The smallest wintering range was comparable to previously reported range sizes, but our largest wintering range greatly exceeded anything yet recorded. Variation in winter range sizes may be attributed to resource availability, migration costs, and the absence of obligations associated with breeding. Each vulture had a “primary nocturnal roost” to which it returned frequently; each spent more hours (evenings, nights, and mornings) at and within 1 km of such roosts, than it did foraging during midday. Our results increased our understanding of the feeding and movement ecology of North American migratory Turkey Vultures overwintering in South America.Utilizamos cuatro transmisores satelitales de Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (SPG) para calcular las áreas de invernada de individuos de Cathartes aura que se reproducen en Saskatchewan, Canadá e invernan en Venezuela. Entre 2007 y 2011, 95% de los estimadores de kernel fijo del tamaño de área variaron de 54 a 76 731 km2 con un promedio de 16 814 ± 28 606 km2 (DE), mientras que aquellos calculados con 95% de los Polígonos Convexos Mínimos variaron de 22 a 46 778 km2 y promediaron 9545 ± 17 356 km2. El área de invernada más pequeña fue comparable con los tamaños de área reportados previamente, pero nuestras áreas de invernada más grandes excedieron por mucho a cualquiera registrada hasta ahora. La variación en los tamaños de las áreas de invernada puede ser atribuida a la disponibilidad de recursos, los costos migratorios y la ausencia de obligaciones asociadas con la reproducción. Cada buitre tuvo una “percha nocturna principal” a la que retornaba frecuentemente; cada uno permaneció más horas (tardes, noches y mañanas) en dicha percha y a 1 km alrededor de ella, que las que dedicó a alimentarse durante el mediodía. Los resultados aumentaron nuestro entendimiento sobre la ecología de forrajeo y de movimiento de individuos norteamericanos migratorios de C. aura invernando en América del Sur.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".