Binary Toxin–Producing, Large Clostridial Toxin–Negative<i>Clostridium difficile</i>Strains Are Enterotoxic but Do Not Cause Disease in Hamsters
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Binary toxin CDT or its genes have been identified in some strains of Clostridium difficile that also produce the large clostridial toxins, toxins A and B (A+B+CDT+), including a newly recognized epidemic strain in the United States and Canada. To study the effects of binary toxin alone, we characterized 4 binary toxin CDT-positive only (A-B-CDT+) C. difficile strains. Unlike other clostridial binary toxins, binary toxin CDT required exogenous trypsin for activation. Supernatants from all A-B-CDT+ strains caused marked fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop assay after concentration and trypsinization. In addition, the ileal loop response was neutralized by antisera raised against other binary toxin-producing clostridia. Challenge of clindamycin-treated hamsters with these strains resulted in colonization but not diarrhea or death. Binary toxin CDT may play an adjunctive role to toxins A and B in the pathogenesis of C. difficile-associated disease but by itself may not be sufficient to cause disease.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it