Current Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: an Overview. Part A. Analyte Atomization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is an atomization and ionization method through which a solution‐phase analyte can be transferred via minute charged droplets into the gas‐phase as an ion. The first part of this two‐part review on electrospray mass spectrometry considers the formation of these minute charged droplets. Atomization of liquids can take place through mechanical or electrostatic breakup of a liquid jet. In the absence of an electric field, charged droplets of both polarities are formed because of the disruption of the electrical double layer at the air–water interface. Addition of an electric field results in the formation of charged droplets of a single polarity. At sufficiently high electric field strength, mechanical jet disruption is replaced by electrostatic jet disruption giving the highest yield of charged droplets; this is the commonly used conductive DC electrospray. More recent means of forming charged droplets by DC or AC electric fields are discussed in the following sections. Mechanisms for reducing the droplet electrostatic stress such as droplet fragmentation are reviewed in the final section. These processes form the basis for the creation of charged gas‐phase analytes that is described in Current Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: an Overview. Part B. Analyte Charging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.019 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".