Current Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: an Overview. Part A. Analyte Atomization
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is an atomization and ionization method through which a solution‐phase analyte can be transferred via minute charged droplets into the gas‐phase as an ion. The first part of this two‐part review on electrospray mass spectrometry considers the formation of these minute charged droplets. Atomization of liquids can take place through mechanical or electrostatic breakup of a liquid jet. In the absence of an electric field, charged droplets of both polarities are formed because of the disruption of the electrical double layer at the air–water interface. Addition of an electric field results in the formation of charged droplets of a single polarity. At sufficiently high electric field strength, mechanical jet disruption is replaced by electrostatic jet disruption giving the highest yield of charged droplets; this is the commonly used conductive DC electrospray. More recent means of forming charged droplets by DC or AC electric fields are discussed in the following sections. Mechanisms for reducing the droplet electrostatic stress such as droplet fragmentation are reviewed in the final section. These processes form the basis for the creation of charged gas‐phase analytes that is described in Current Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: an Overview. Part B. Analyte Charging.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.100 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it