A Wideband W-Band Receiver Front-End in 65-nm CMOS
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 75-to-91 GHz receiver front-end, consisting of a three-stage cascode low-noise amplifier (LNA), a double-balanced Gilbert-cell mixer and a differential DC-to-9 GHz IF buffer, is reported in 65-nm general purpose (GP) CMOS technology. The noise and input-impedance matched LNA employs a cascode input stage with shunt-series, transformer feedback. A theoretical and experimental comparison with a conventional inductor-feedback LNA indicates 0.5-1 dB higher gain, 0.3-0.6 dB lower noise figure and better input return loss for the transformer feedback LNA. The receiver has a differential down-conversion gain of 13 dB, an input P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> of -16.2 dBm, and a double-sideband noise figure of 8.5 to 10 dB at an IF of 1 GHz. Because of the transformer feedback, the input return loss is better than -20 dB from 80 to 92 GHz and remains below -10 dB from 70 GHz beyond 95 GHz. The circuit occupies an area of 460 mum times 500 mum and consumes 89 mW (47 mW in the LNA and mixer) from a 1.5 V supply. An LO-to-RF isolation of 60 dB was measured for LO signals in the 80-to-85 GHz range. Measurements of the mixer breakout, which includes transformers at the RF and LO ports, show a record NF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DSB</sub> of 8 to 10 dB over the 74-to-91 GHz band. The 50-Omega noise figure of the LNA is 6.4 to 8.4 dB in the 75-to-88.5 GHz range. The LNA can also be employed as a transmitter output stage with a saturated output power of +4 dBm.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it