Measuring blood flow in the mouse embryo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extensive genetic information and the recent introduction of transgenic techniques for genetic manipulation have made the mouse the accepted model for normal cardiac development and congenital heart disease. An impediment to progress in this area has been the lack of noninvasive technologies to assess embryonic cardiovascular structure and function. The authors have developed a high frequency (40-50 MHz) ultrasound imaging and Doppler system enabling in vivo analysis of early embryonic cardiovascular development in the mouse. Simultaneous real-time image and Doppler data can be obtained noninvasively allowing, for the first time, measurements to be made of inflow and outflow characteristics of the mouse embryo heart and blood flow in the umbilical circulation. High resolution (measured lateral resolution=60-100 /spl mu/m) images are used to position the sample volume of the Doppler transducers. The 40 MHz CW Doppler system utilizes a pair of air backed LiNbO/sub 3/ transducers mounted on SMB connectors, and has been calibrated with a string phantom from 10 to 300 mm/s, velocities relevant to embryonic cardiovascular blood waveforms. Biphasic inflow waveforms were measured in normal 10 day mouse embryos (approximately equivalent to 4 weeks human) with peak blood velocities close to 200 mm/s. Outflow velocities in the same embryos were close to 70 mm/s while umbilical artery velocities were approximately 20 mm/s. Future studies will compare normal velocity data to measurements of mutant mice with specific defects in heart and placenta.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".