Multimodality Imaging of the Pediatric Diaphragm: Anatomy and Pathologic Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apart from serving as an important landmark for description and staging of pathologic conditions, the diaphragm is also affected by various types of pathologic conditions in children. Congenital abnormalities affecting the diaphragm include aplasia or hypoplasia, accessory diaphragm, eventration, and hernias. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDHs) include Bochdalek, Morgagni, and hiatal hernias. Although survival rates are improving with the advent of new therapies, there is still significant morbidity and mortality associated with CDH. The morbidity and mortality depend on the associated congenital anomalies, the size of the hernia, and the degree of lung hypoplasia. Newer surgical repair techniques for the diaphragm have resulted in new postoperative complications and imaging appearances. Ultrasonography has become the modality of choice for evaluation of diaphragmatic paralysis. The diaphragm is uncommonly affected by trauma in children; when diaphragmatic injury is present, it usually indicates high-impact trauma associated with other severe injuries. Primary diaphragmatic tumors are very rare in children, with rhabdomyosarcoma being the most common. The diaphragm may also be secondarily involved by invasion of an adjacent tumor. Radiologists should have an understanding of the embryology, anatomy, and anatomic variations of the diaphragm and should be aware of the imaging appearances of pathologic conditions affecting the diaphragm in children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".