Croup presentations to emergency departments in Alberta, Canada: A large population‐based study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Croup is a common pediatric respiratory illness. While croup is generally a mild disease, exacerbations may be seen in the Emergency Department (ED) setting. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of croup presentations to EDs made by infants (≤2 years old) in the province of Alberta, Canada. Methods The Ambulatory Care Classification System and other Alberta provincial administrative databases were used to obtain all ED encounters for croup during six fiscal years (April 1999 to March 2005). Information extracted included demographics, ED visit timing, and subsequent visits to non‐ED settings. Data analysis included descriptive summaries and directly standardized visit rates. Results There were 27,355 ED visits for croup made by 20,019 infants. Most (78.2%) had only one croup‐related ED visit; males (62.3% of ED visits) more commonly presented than females. Biennial trends were apparent in the sex standardized visit rates which increased from 43.4/1,000 in 1999/2000 to 49.6/1,000 in 2003/2004 for odd fiscal years, and from 30.9/1,000 in 2000/2001 to 34.1/1,000 in 2004/2005 for even years. The directly standardized visit rates varied by socio‐economic proxy: generally Welfare recipients had the highest rates, Aboriginals the lowest. Admission occurred in 8.0% of the cases; 5.4% had a repeat ED visit within 7 days following discharge. Overall, 71.9% of individuals had yet to have a non‐ED follow‐up visit by 1 week; the estimated median time to the first follow‐up visit was 33 days (95% CI: 31–36). Conclusion Croup is a common presenting problem in Alberta EDs. The important findings include an overall increase in the rates of presentation over the study period, disparities based on age, sex, and socio‐economic/cultural status, and the low rate of early follow‐up. Targeted interventions could be implemented to address specific groups and reduce croup‐related ED visits. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:83–91. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".