Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors impairs host defence during pneumococcal pneumonia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cholinergic nervous system can inhibit the systemic inflammation accompanying sepsis by virtue of a specific action of acetylcholine on alpha7 cholinergic receptors. The current authors sought to determine the effect of nicotine, an alpha7 cholinergic receptor agonist, on the host response to pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mice were intranasally infected with S. pneumoniae and treated with nicotine or saline intraperitoneally using a treatment schedule shown to improve host defence against abdominal sepsis. Nicotine treatment was associated with a transiently enhanced growth of S. pneumoniae, as indicated by higher bacterial loads in both lungs and blood at 24 h after infection. At 48 h after infection, bacterial burdens had increased in both treatment groups and differences were no longer present. Remarkably, mice treated with nicotine showed enhanced lung inflammation at 24 h after infection. Moreover, both lung and plasma concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma were higher in nicotine-treated animals at this time-point. Additional studies examining the effect of nicotine on the immediate (4-h) inflammatory response to S. pneumoniae did not reveal an anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine either. The present data suggest that nicotine transiently impairs host defence in pneumococcal pneumonia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".