An ultra-low-power CMOS voltage-controlled ring oscillator for passive RFID tags
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An ultra-low-power CMOS voltage-controlled ring oscillator (VCRO) for passive ultra-high-frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. The gates of the complementary CMOS transistors in pseudo-differential (PD) delay cells are biased through quasi-floating gate (QFG) technique. The boosted gate-drive voltage enables operation of the differential delay cells with supply voltages smaller than the minimum required overdrive voltage of the two stacked transistors and accordingly facilitates the oscillation at ultra-Iow-power regime. QFG biasing technique also offers an additional control knob to tune the output frequency of the ring oscillator. The proposed two-stage PD-VCRO is designed and laid-out in a standard 0.13-μm CMOS technology. A voltage level converter is also presented to interface the output of the proposed VCRO with the succeeding circuitry. The entire VCRO core occupies an area of 25 μm×20 μm For a supply voltage of as low as 140 mV, an output frequency of 4 MHz is achieved at 3.6 nW power consumption. Although the intended application for the proposed VCRO is passive RFID tags, the architecture can be used in other ultra-low-power applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".