Ultrastructural-chemical makeup of yellow-seeded (<i>Brassica rapa</i>) and brown-seeded (<i>Brassica napus</i>) canola within cellular dimensions, explored with synchrotron reflection FTIR microspectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synchrotron-based FTIR micro spectroscopy, developed recently as a novel, rapid and non-destructive analytical technique, could reveal chemical information of the intrinsic microstructures of biological tissues at ultra-spatial resolution. The objective of this study was to use synchrotron reflection FTIR microspectroscopy to explore chemical makeup (functional group and bonding characteristics) of ultrastructural tissues within cellular dimensions (10 µm × 10 µm) of yellow-seeded (Brassica rapa ‘Klondike’) and brown-seeded (Brassica napus ‘Bounty’) canola. The results showed that the ratios of total CH2:CH3, CH3-asymmetric:CH3-symmetric, CH2-asymmetric:CH2-symmetric and total CH-asymmetric:CH-symmetric were 1.06 and 1.13, 1.28 and 1.26, 2.90 and 3.08, 1.82 and 1.78, for the yellow-seeded and brown-seeded canola, respectively. There were no differences between the two canola types in the content and ratios of CH groups (CH2 and CH3) of the scanned areas, indicating that lipid chain length and branching are similar between the two seed types. There were significant differences in amide I and total CHO, indicating different microstructural protein (peptide C=O bonding) and carbohydrate makeup between the two canola types. The results also show differences in the ratios of total NH and OH:CHO (2.85 vs. 3.84, P < 0.01), total CH:total CHO (0.23 vs. 0.32, P < 0.01), amide I:NH and OH (0.48 vs. 0.37, P = 0.07), amide I:hemiceullulose (P = 0.09), hemicellulose:total CHO (0.039 vs. 0.059, P < 0.001), CHO:amide I (1.11 vs. 0.84, P = 0.051) between the yellow-seeded and brown-seeded canola, and indicate that the chemical makeup of the microstructure differs between the yellow-seeded (Brassica rapa) and brown-seeded (Brassica napus) canola type. In conclusion, this study indicates that synchrotron-based reflection FTIR microspectroscopy can be used to identify microstructural-chemical features of canola tissue. More detailed study is required to define the extent of differences that exist between the yellow-seeded (Brassica rapa) vs. dark-brownseeded (Brassica napus) canola. Such information on the microstructural-chemical features can be used by canola breeding programs to select superior varieties of canola for special purposes, and for predicting canola quality and nutritive value for humans and animals. Key words: Synchrotron, reflection infrared microspectroscopy, functional groups, chemical makeup, ultrastructure, canola, feed structure and chemistry
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".