Glial and Neuronal Interactions during Slow Wave and Paroxysmal Activities in the Neocortex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that glial cells are endowed with the ability to externalize their activity to the extracellular space and to neurons. Since the same activity is influenced by the extracellular ionic concentrations and the neurotransmitters released by neurons, it is suggested that neurons and glia entertain a continuous exchange of information. This behavior might have a particular significance during cortical oscillations. In this study we analyzed the time and voltage relationships within simultaneously recorded neuron-glia pairs during normal states characterized by a slow (<1 Hz) sleep oscillation and during paroxysmal epileptic discharges. Our data show that cortical neurons and glia display coherent activities during the tested spontaneous oscillations. The onset of the depolarizing phase of the slow oscillation started in neurons and followed with a lag of 88 ms in nearby (1-2 mm) recorded glial cells. In contrast, the beginning of the hyperpolarizing phase was initiated in glial cells, and neurons followed after 79 ms, suggesting that glial activities are not exclusively the reflection of neuronal ones. Moreover, we tested neuronal excitability that resulted in phase opposition with the glial membrane potential, establishing that only the first 30% of the neuronal depolarization is efficient for synaptic volleys within cortical neuronal networks. Seizures were associated with shorter time lags at onset of depolarization (1.8 ms) and with delayed glial offset (102 ms). The voltage slope and amplitude at the onset of the paroxysmal depolarizations were higher than in the case of the slow oscillation. Together with the variation of neuronal excitability, these results suggest that the glial uptake of K(+) contributes to the abridged duration of the paroxysmal depolarization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".