Slope failure in underconsolidated soft soils during the development of a port in Tianjin, China. Part 1: Field investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the field investigation of a major landslide that occurred in a newly dredged slope for port development in the city of Tianjin, northern China. The dredged slope comprised underconsolidated soft clay of recent marine and river delta deposits. The landslide consisted of a number of individual slides that occurred sequentially and extended retrogressively and laterally into reclaimed land. It lasted for about 1 h, occupying a plan area that is about 200 m long and 150 m wide in the reclaimed land. The failed soil mass was estimated to have a volume of between 700 000 and 800 000 m 3 . Part of the failed soil mass slipped into a newly dredged open space in the sea. The distance of the debris travel into the berth was about 80 m. The debris surface had a gentle slope of about 3.0°. The angle from the dredged slope crest to the far edge of the debris was about 6.8°. A common rupture surface was found underneath the debris and above the in situ marine mud. It controlled the inland extension of the slope failure. The landslide occupied an inclined area of between 27 000 and 30 000 m 2 , with an overall slope angle of about 34°. A kinematic model is proposed to explain the extension of the landslide into the reclaimed land. Findings of this field investigation are further used in the companion paper for a theoretical investigation of the mechanism of the landslide. The engineering approach and results presented in this study could be useful in the design and construction of dredged slopes in underconsolidated soft soils. Key words: port development, land reclamation, dredge excavation, landslide investigation, soft soils, case studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".