Genome duplication events have led to a diversification in the CPT I gene family in fish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I is a major regulator of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in vertebrates. Numerous genome duplication events throughout evolution have given rise to three (in mammals) or multiple (in fish) genetically and functionally different isoforms of this enzyme. In particular, these isoforms represent a diversification of kinetic and regulatory properties stemming from mutations at the genomic and proteomic levels. Phylogenetic reconstructions reveal a comprehensive view of the CPT I family in vertebrates and genomic modifications leading to structural changes in proteins and functional differences between tissues and taxa. In a model fish species (rainbow trout), the presence of five CPT I isoforms suggests repeated duplication events in bony fishes and salmonids. Subsequently, an array of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions in the isoforms may contribute to a tissue-specific and a previously observed species-specific difference in the IC(50) for malonyl-CoA. Moreover, all five isoforms are expressed in trout at the mRNA level in skeletal muscle, heart, liver, kidney, and intestine. In general, transcript levels of the beta-isoforms were higher in muscle tissues, while levels of the alpha-isoforms were higher in other tissues. Rainbow trout also exhibit developmental plasticity in relative mRNA expression of CPT I isoforms from fry to juvenile to adult stage. Thus the evolution of CPT I has resulted in a very diverse family of isoforms. These differences represent a degree of specificity in the ability of species to regulate function at the protein and tissue levels, which, in turn, may allow for precise control of lipid oxidation in individual tissues during physiological perturbations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".