Phase Mixture and Reliability of BaTiO <sub>3</sub> ‐Based X7R Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors: X‐Ray Diffractometry and Raman Spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BaTiO 3 ‐based multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) using Ni base‐metal electrodes (BME) exhibiting EIA‐X7R dielectric behavior are represented by the characteristic microstructure of core–shell grains. In the present study, the crystalline phase contents in the mixture were determined quantitatively for two groups of experimental BME‐MLCCs, one with CaO doping and the other with (CaO+MgO) codoping by Rietveld refinement using the software package TOPAS ® . X‐ray diffractometry was used for the identification of crystalline phases whose quantities were determined for cubic ( C ), tetragonal ( T ), and rhombohedral ( R )–BaTiO 3 . Phase identification was corroborated by Raman spectroscopy where the characteristic phonon vibration modes corresponding to the C ‐, T ‐, and R ‐phase were assigned. It is suggested that the C ‐phase content, corresponding to the shell grains containing intragranular voids and the shell region of the core–shell grains, and the R ‐phase content, corresponding to the modulated core region, not only determine the diffusiveness of the temperature coefficient of capacitance curve but also serve as measuring indices for evaluating the resistance of MLCC formulations against dc degradation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".