Dynamic Mud Deposition In A Tidal Environment: The Record of Fluid-Mud Deposition In the Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Mudstone layers in the tide-dominated Bluesky Formation (i.e., the “mud drapes”) have enormously variable sedimentary characteristics: they range from 0.1to 20 cm thick, can be homogeneous or internally stratified, and can have sharp or gradational upper and lower contacts. Based on recent flume studies, this diversity is interpreted to reflect the wide range of suspended-sediment concentrations (SSC; < 1 g L−1 to > 100 g L−1) and flow velocities (slack water to several meters per second) that are typical in tidal environments. Four recurring mudstone types are present, each of which is interpreted to have formed under distinct depositional conditions: (1) unstratified mudstone Type 1 (UM1): “classic” mud drapes generated by slow settling from suspensions with SSC values less than 1 g L−1; (2) stratified mudstone Type 1 (SM1): cross-stratified mudstone layers deposited by turbulent or transitional turbulent flows with appreciable current speeds (> 0.2 ms−1) and moderate SSCs (1–10 g L−1); (3) stratified mudstone Type 2 (SM2): horizontally laminated mudstone layers formed under conditions of transitional plug flow with moderate to high SSCs (1–100 g L−1) and appreciable currents (> 0.2 ms−1); and (4) unstratified mudstone Type 2 (UM2): thick mudstone laminae and beds (> 2 mm thick), with no internal lamination and common soft-sediment deformation, deposited by unstable plug flow or quasi-laminar plug flow, with moderate to high SSCs (1–1000 g L−1) and current speeds ranging from slack water to 1–2 ms−1. UM2 and SM2 mudstone types are equivalent to what recent studies have interpreted as the lithified product of fluid mud and may have been deposited dynamically, under current speeds above the threshold of mud erosion in clear-water flows. This indicates that, in high-SSC settings, “mud drapes” could form over significant portions of the tidal cycle (i.e., not only at slack water) and perhaps continuously over multiple tidal cycles if fluid-mud layers persist. Thus, tidal rhythmites might be poorly developed in areas with high SSC values.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".