Polyphenol concentrations in apple processing by-products determined using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was used to determine the concentrations of polyphenols in apple processing by-products collected from commercial juice and pie manufacturing plants. Apple pomace (cultivar Gravenstein) resulting from juice processing contained a total polyphenol concentration of 43 mg 100 g-1 dry matter (DM), and was mainly constituted of phloridzin and quercetin-3-O-galactoside. The major polyphenolic compound in apple seeds (cultivar Idared) was phloridzin (64 mg 100 g-1 DM), representing 84% of total polyphenols (76 mg 100 g-1 DM). The predominant polyphenolic compounds in apple cores (cultivar Idared) were phloridzin, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin, which represented 77% of the total polyphenols (40 mg 100 g-1 DM). The total polyphenol concentrations in the skin of Northern Spy and Idared were 322 and 401 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The major polyphenol sub-classes detected in apple skins were flavonols (151-154 mg 100 g-1 DM), dihydrochalcones (48-59 mg 100 g-1 DM), flavan-3-ols (32-38 mg 100 g-1 DM), phenolic acids (40-59 mg 100 g-1 DM) and anthocyanins (29-114 mg 100 g-1 DM). Key words: Malus × domestica, apple, polyphenols, flavonoids, by-products, LC-MS/MS
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".