Kinetics of liquid‐phase hydrogenation of isooctenes on a Pd/γ‐alumina catalyst
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The kinetics of liquid‐phase hydrogenation of isooctenes [2,4,4‐trimethyl‐1‐pentene (1‐TMP) and 2,4,4‐trimethyl‐2‐pentene (2‐TMP)] was studied on a Pd/γ‐Al 2 O 3 catalyst in a semibatch reactor. Experimental results revealed that palladium was highly active for the hydrogenation of isooctenes and did not show any significant deactivation like that of the nickel, cobalt, or platinum catalysts reported in the literature. The internal double bond of 2‐TMP was hydrogenated faster than the terminal double bond of 1‐TMP. In addition to the hydrogenation reactions, double‐bond isomerization was observed between 1‐TMP and 2‐TMP. A kinetic model was developed based on the Horiuti–Polanyi mechanism, involving a half‐hydrogenated surface intermediate and the rate‐limiting step was the first hydrogen addition. Isomerization was assumed to take place via the partly hydrogenated intermediates because no isomerization was observed in the absence of hydrogen. The dynamic reactor model consisted of material balances for the gas and the liquid phases, as well as for the porous catalyst particles. A resulting coupled ordinary differential equation–partial differential equation system was solved by Newton's method simultaneously with the minimization of the objective function from the kinetic model. The estimated model parameters with 95% confidence intervals accurately described the experimental data. The hydrogenation of both isomers was found to be strongly dependent on internal diffusion inside the catalyst particle. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".