Twelve-month incidence and clearance of oral HPV infection in HIV-negative and HIV-infected men who have sex with men: the H2M cohort study
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Our aim was to compare the 12-month incidence and clearance of oral high-risk HPV infection between HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV-negative MSM. METHODS: MSM aged 18 years or older were recruited in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Questionnaire data and oral-rinse and gargle samples were collected at baseline, and after 6 and 12 months. HPV DNA was genotyped using the SPF10-PCR & DEIA-LiPA25 system (version 1). Determinants of oral HPV incidence and clearance were explored using Cox and logistic regression analyses respectively. RESULTS: 433 HIV-negative and 290 HIV-infected MSM were included in these analyses. The median follow-up time per participant was 12 months (range 3-15). During follow-up, 114 incident oral high-risk HPV infections were observed. The incidence rate of HPV-16 was 3.5/1000 person-months (PM) in HIV-infected and 0.9/1000 PM in HIV-negative MSM (IRR 4.1; 95% CI 1.3-13.2). The incidence rates of other high-risk HPV types ranged between 1.3-3.5/1000 PM in HIV-infected and 0.0-1.1/1000 PM in HIV-negative MSM. In multivariable analyses, HIV infection (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.8; 95% CI 2.3-6.2) and a higher number of recent oral sex partners (aHR 2.4 for ≥8 partners compared to ≤2; 95% CI 1.4-4.2) were associated with HPV incidence. Of the 111 baseline oral high-risk infections, 59 (53.2%) were cleared. In multivariable analyses, only a higher number of recent oral sex partners was associated with HPV clearance (adjusted odds ratio 3.4 for ≥8 compared to ≤2 partners; 95% CI 1.3-9.0). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of oral high-risk HPV infection was higher in HIV-infected MSM and in those with a higher number of recent oral sex partners. Just over half of the oral high-risk HPV infections at baseline were cleared after 12 months, with a higher likelihood of clearance among MSM reporting higher numbers of recent oral sex partners, but no difference by HIV status.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it