7.3 Successful use of anakinra, a soluble IL-1 receptor antagonist, in pediatric rheumatic diseases associated macrophage activation syndrome/reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increased interleukin 1 (IL-1) production characterizes macrophage activation syndrome/reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (MAS/rHLH), a potentially lethal complication of pediatric rheumatic diseases. Standard treatment (corticosteroids, cyclosporine, +/- IVIg) is not always effective. To test effectiveness of anakinra, a soluble IL-1 receptor antagonist, in pediatric rheumatology patients who failed to respond to standard MAS/rHLH therapy. 6 pediatric rheumatology patients (3 F:3 M); mean (range) age 8.14 (0.5–13.3) years, with MAS/rHLH were enrolled (SoJIA n = 4; Churg Strauss vasculitis n = 1; and infant onset ANCA +ve pulmonary renal syndrome n = 1). The infant patient was moribund in ICU. Histiocytosis society's 2004 criteria (HLH2004), including a T-cell activation marker, soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL2r), were used to confirm MAS/rHLH. Subcutaneous anakinra (2 mg/kg/day) was added to existing therapy (high dose IV Methylprednisolone n = 5/6; IVIg n = 6/6, and cyclosporine n = 5/6). HLH2004 specified clinical and laboratory data were collected pre, 48 hours, and 2 weeks after initiation of anakinra; including sIL2r in 3/6 patients. All patients defrevesced within 24 hours of first anakinra dose, and ventilatory and dialysis support was discontinued within 96 hours in the ICU patient. All patients recovered from MAS/rHLH by 2 weeks; 5/6 pts discontinued corticosteroids by 5 weeks. Abnormally elevated baseline sIL2r resolved by 48 hours post first dose of anakinra in all 3 patients tested. 1) Anakinra, in combination with corticosteroids, IVIG, +/- cyclosporine, was effective in controlling MAS/rHLH in all patients, allowing rapid discontinuation of corticosteroids in 5/6 patients. 2) Elevated baseline sIL2r level normalized rapidly following anakinra, suggesting resolution of abnormal T-cell activation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".