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Hematite formation from jarosite type compounds by hydrothermal conversion

2012· article· en· W2114724794 on OpenAlexaff
J. E. Dutrizac, Alba Sunyer

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Metallurgical Quarterly · 2012
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicMetal Extraction and Bioleaching
Canadian institutionsNatural Resources Canada
Fundersnot available
KeywordsJarositeHematiteHydrothermal circulationChemistryNuclear chemistrySulfateInorganic chemistryMineralogyGeology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The hydrothermal conversion of K jarosite, Pb jarosite, Na jarosite, Na–Ag jarosite, AsO4 containing Na jarosite and in situ formed K jarosite and Na jarosite to hematite was investigated. Potassium jarosite is the most stable jarosite species. Its conversion to hematite in the absence of Fe2O3 seed occurred only partially after 5 h reaction at >240°C. In the presence of Fe2O3 seed, the conversion to hematite was nearly complete within 2 h at 225°C and was complete at 240°C. The rate of K jarosite precipitation, in situ at 225°C in the presence of 50 g L−1 Fe2O3 seed, is faster than its rate of hydrothermal conversion to hematite. In contrast, complete conversion of either Pb jarosite or Na–Pb jarosite to hematite and insoluble PbSO4 occurs within 0·75 h at 225°C in the presence of 20 g L−1 Fe2O3 seed. Dissolved Fe(SO4)1·5 either inhibits the conversion of Pb jarosite or forms Pb jarosite from any PbSO4 generated. The hydrothermal conversion of Na–Ag jarosite to hematite was complete within 0·75 h at 225°C in the presence of 20 g L−1 Fe2O3 seed. The Ag dissolved during hydrothermal conversion and reported to the final solution. However, the presence of sulphur or sulphide minerals caused the reprecipitation of the dissolved Ag. The conversion of AsO4 containing Na jarosite at 225°C in the presence of 20 g L−1 Fe2O3 seed was complete within 2 h, for H2SO4 concentrations <0·4M. Increasing AsO4 contents in the Na jarosite resulted in a linear increase in the AsO4 content of the hematite, and ∼95% of the AsO4 remained in the conversion product. Increasing temperatures and Fe2O3 seed additions significantly promote the hydrothermal conversion of in situ formed Na jarosite at 200–240°C. However, the conversion of previously synthesised Na jarosite seems to proceed to a greater degree than that of in situ formed Na jarosite.On a examiné la conversion hydrothermale en hématite de la jarosite de K, de la jarosite de Pb, de la jarosite de Na, de la jarosite de Na-Ag, de la jarosite de Na contenant de l’AsO4, et de la jarosite de K et de la jarosite de Na qui sont formées in situ. La jarosite de potassium est la plus stable des espèces de jarosite. Sa conversion en hématite ne se produisait que partiellement après 5 h de réaction à >240°C en l’absence d’amorce de Fe2O3. En présence d’amorce de Fe2O3, la conversion en hématite était presque complète à moins de 2 h à 225°C et était complète à 240°C. La vitesse de précipitation de la jarosite de K, in situ à 225°C en présence de 50 g L−1 d’amorce de Fe2O3, est plus rapide que sa vitesse de conversion hydrothermale en hématite. Par contraste, la conversion complète soit de la jarosite de Pb ou de la jarosite de Na-Pb en hématite et en PbSO4 insoluble se produit à moins de 0·75 h à 225°C en présence de 20 g L−1 d’amorce de Fe2O3. Le Fe(SO4)1·5 dissous soit inhibe la conversion de la jarosite de Pb ou forme de la jarosite de Pb à partir de tout PbSO4 produit. La conversion hydrothermale de la jarosite de Na-Ag en hématite était complète à moins de 0·75 h à 225°C en présence de 20 g L−1 d’amorce de Fe2O3. L’Ag se dissolvait lors de la conversion hydrothermale et se rapportait dans la solution finale. Cependant, la présence de soufre ou de minéraux sulfurés avait pour résultat la re-précipitation de l’Ag dissous. La conversion de la jarosite de Na contenant de l’AsO4 à 225°C en présence de 20 g L−1 d’amorce de Fe2O3 était complète à moins de 2 h, avec des concentrations d’H2SO4 <0·4 M. L’augmentation de la teneur en AsO4 de la jarosite de Na avait pour résultat une augmentation linéaire de la teneur en AsO4 de l’hématite et ∼95% de l’AsO4 demeurait dans le produit de conversion. L’augmentation de la température et d’additions d’amorce de Fe2O3 favorisait significativement la conversion hydrothermale de la jarosite de Na qui est formée in situ à 220–240°C. Cependant, la conversion de la jarosite de Na synthétisée antérieurement semblait se produire à un plus grand degré que celle de la jarosite de Na qui est formée in situ.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.001
Threshold uncertainty score0.002

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.192
Teacher spread0.182 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations17
Published2012
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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