Hematite formation from jarosite type compounds by hydrothermal conversion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydrothermal conversion of K jarosite, Pb jarosite, Na jarosite, Na–Ag jarosite, AsO4 containing Na jarosite and in situ formed K jarosite and Na jarosite to hematite was investigated. Potassium jarosite is the most stable jarosite species. Its conversion to hematite in the absence of Fe2O3 seed occurred only partially after 5 h reaction at >240°C. In the presence of Fe2O3 seed, the conversion to hematite was nearly complete within 2 h at 225°C and was complete at 240°C. The rate of K jarosite precipitation, in situ at 225°C in the presence of 50 g L−1 Fe2O3 seed, is faster than its rate of hydrothermal conversion to hematite. In contrast, complete conversion of either Pb jarosite or Na–Pb jarosite to hematite and insoluble PbSO4 occurs within 0·75 h at 225°C in the presence of 20 g L−1 Fe2O3 seed. Dissolved Fe(SO4)1·5 either inhibits the conversion of Pb jarosite or forms Pb jarosite from any PbSO4 generated. The hydrothermal conversion of Na–Ag jarosite to hematite was complete within 0·75 h at 225°C in the presence of 20 g L−1 Fe2O3 seed. The Ag dissolved during hydrothermal conversion and reported to the final solution. However, the presence of sulphur or sulphide minerals caused the reprecipitation of the dissolved Ag. The conversion of AsO4 containing Na jarosite at 225°C in the presence of 20 g L−1 Fe2O3 seed was complete within 2 h, for H2SO4 concentrations <0·4M. Increasing AsO4 contents in the Na jarosite resulted in a linear increase in the AsO4 content of the hematite, and ∼95% of the AsO4 remained in the conversion product. Increasing temperatures and Fe2O3 seed additions significantly promote the hydrothermal conversion of in situ formed Na jarosite at 200–240°C. However, the conversion of previously synthesised Na jarosite seems to proceed to a greater degree than that of in situ formed Na jarosite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".