A role for selective androgen response elements in the development of the epididymis and the androgen control of the 5 <i>α</i> reductase II gene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) recognizes two types of DNA elements that are dimers of 5′‐AGAACA‐3′‐like hexamers, either organized as inverted or direct repeats. We developed a mouse model [(specificity affecting AR knock‐in (SPARKI)] in which the AR DNA‐binding domain was mutated such that it lost binding to direct repeats but not to inverted elements. The impaired fertility of the male SPARKI mice correlates with the reduced motility of the spermatozoa, a characteristic that is developed during transit through the epididymis. Comparative transcriptome analyses revealed that the expression of 39 genes is changed in SPARKI epididymis. Remarkably, the expression of the steroid 5 α ‐reductase type II (Srd5 α 2) gene, which metabolizes testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone, is reduced 4‐fold in SPARKI vs. wild type. The comparison of the SPARKI phenotype with that of Srd5α2 ‐knockout mice shows, however, that the reduced Srd5 α 2 expression cannot explain all defects of the SPARKI epididymis. Moreover, we describe three new selective androgen response elements (AREs), which control the androgen responsiveness of the Srd5α2 gene. We conclude that the SPARKI model can be considered a knockout model for AR functioning via selective AREs and that this has a dramatic effect on sperm maturation in the epididymis.—Kerkhofs, S., Dubois, V., De Gendt, K., Helsen, C., Clinckemalie, L., Spans, L., Schuit, F., Boonen, S., Vanderschueren, D., Saunders, P. T. K., Verhoeven, G., Claessens, F. A role for selective androgen response elements in the development of the epididymis and the androgen control of the 5 α reductase II gene. FASEB J. 26, 4360–4372 (2012). www.fasebj.org
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".