Effects of chemical and biological treatments on growth and yield of apple trees planted in <i>Phytophthora cactorum</i> infected soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A field trial that simulated apple orchard conditions was conducted during 1994-1999 to determine the effects of metam sodium, acetic acid, neem oil, and strain EBW-4 of Bacillus subtilis Ehrenberg, Cohn on growth, fruit production, and crown and root rot ratings of cv. Jonagold apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on M.26 rootstock planted in Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schroet. infested soil. The drenching of soil with metam sodium and acetic acid at low and high rates, and the application of B. subtilis strain EBW-4 increased tree growth by 48-163% and fruit yield by 52-114%, and reduced the crown and root rot ratings by 36-54% compared to the untreated control. Neem oil was generally ineffective compared to the untreated controls for all of the parameters measured, except for fruit yield, which was higher in the higher-rate neem treatment in 1997 and 1999. The applications of acetic acid and B. subtilis (EBW-4) as preplanting drench applications could provide an alternative to soil fumigation with metam sodium in apple orchards affected by phytophthora crown and root rot disease or apple replant disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".