Human Cytomegalovirus Activates Glucose Transporter 4 Expression To Increase Glucose Uptake during Infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glucose transport into mammalian cells is mediated by a group of glucose transporters (GLUTs) on the plasma membrane. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected human fibroblasts (HFs) demonstrate significantly increased glucose consumption compared to mock-infected cells, suggesting a possible alteration in glucose transport during infection. Inhibition of GLUTs by using cytochalasin B indicated that infected cells utilize GLUT4, whereas normal HFs use GLUT1. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Western analysis confirmed that GLUT4 levels are greatly increased in infected cells. In contrast, GLUT1 was eliminated by a mechanism involving the HCMV major immediate-early protein IE72. The HCMV-mediated induction of GLUT4 circumvents characterized controls of GLUT4 expression that involve serum stimulation, glucose concentration, and nuclear functions of ATP-citrate lyase (ACL). In infected cells the well-characterized Akt-mediated translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface is also circumvented; GLUT4 localized on the surface of infected cells that were serum starved and had Akt activity inhibited. The significance of GLUT4 induction for the success of HCMV infection was indicated using indinavir, a drug that specifically inhibits glucose uptake by GLUT4. The addition of the drug inhibited glucose uptake in infected cells as well as viral production. Our data show that HCMV-specific mechanisms are used to replace GLUT1, the normal HF GLUT, with GLUT4, the major glucose transporter in adipose tissue, which has a 3-fold-higher glucose transport capacity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".