The impact of <i><scp>PNPLA</scp>3</i> (<i>rs738409</i> C>G) polymorphisms on liver histology and long‐term clinical outcome in chronic hepatitis B patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: We aimed to assess the association between the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing-3 (PNPLA3) I148M polymorphism, liver histology and long-term outcome in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. METHODS: We enrolled 531 consecutive treatment naïve CHB patients diagnosed from 1985 to 2012 with an available liver biopsy for reassessment, and sample for genetic testing. Data on all-cause mortality and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at long-term follow-up were obtained from national database registries. RESULTS: The prevalence of steatohepatitis increased with PNPLA3 CC (14%), CG (20%) and GG (43%) (P < 0.001). The association was altered by both gender (P = 0.010) and overweight (P = 0.015): the effect of PNPLA3 on steatohepatitis was most pronounced among non-overweight females (adjusted OR 13.4, 95%CI: 3.7-51.6, P < 0.001), and non-overweight males (adjusted OR 2.4, 95%CI: 1.4-4.3, P = 0.002). Furthermore, PNPLA3 GG genotype was associated with iron depositions (OR 2.8, 95%CI: 1.2-6.4, P = 0.014) and lobular inflammation (OR 2.2, 95%CI: 1.1-4.5, P = 0.032), but not with advanced fibrosis (OR 1.1, 95%CI: 0.7-1.8, P = 0.566). The median follow-up was 10.1 years (interquartile range 5.6 - 15.8), during which 13 patients developed HCC and 28 died. Steatohepatitis was associated with all-cause mortality [Hazard ratio (HR) 3.1, 95%CI: 1.3-7.3, P = 0.006] and HCC (HR 2.8, 95%CI: 0.9-9.2, P = 0.078), but no significant association was observed for PNPLA3. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of biopsied CHB patients, PNPLA3 was independently associated with steatosis, steatohepatitis, lobular inflammation and iron depositions, but not with advanced fibrosis, HCC development or all-cause mortality. The effect of PNPLA3 on steatohepatitis was particularly pronounced among female patients without severe overweight.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".