Urban–rural differences in asthma prevalence among young adolescents: The role of behavioural and environmental factors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Asthma prevalence has been reported to be lower in rural areas compared to urban areas, although this has been inconsistent. This study aims to identify the influence of urban-rural residence on asthma prevalence in adolescents in the Republic of Macedonia and to investigate characteristics that may explain observed associations. METHODS: Following International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood protocol, a national sample of Macedonian urban and rural dwelling adolescents (12-16 years) was recruited in 2006. Self-completed questionnaires were used to collect data on wheeze and asthma as well as personal, environmental and dietary characteristics. Following descriptive and multiple logistic regression analyses, a mediation analysis approach was performed to help explain observed associations. RESULTS: A lower prevalence of current wheeze and ever-diagnosed asthma was observed in rural compared to urban dwelling adolescents (4.9% vs. 7.2% and 1.2% vs. 1.9%, respectively). After adjustment for potential confounders, the associations, although still protective, were not statistically significant (wheeze: OR=0.74, 95%CI=0.46-1.21; asthma: OR=0.97, 95%CI=0.38-2.46). The associations between urban-rural status with current wheeze and asthma were mediated by region of the country (wheeze 9%; asthma 19%) and by diet (>5% change for both wheeze and asthma). Having a dog resulted in a strengthening of the association between urban-rural status and current wheeze by 11.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma and wheeze was lower in rural dwelling Macedonian adolescents and the association was mediated by the region of the country with diet likely to be part of the reason for this mediating effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".