Water-assisted dissemination of conidia of the mycoparasite <i>Coniothyrium minitans</i> in soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine water-assisted dissemination of conidia of Coniothyrium minitans (Cm), a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss), in four soils (yellow–brown soil, red-clay soil, fluvo-aquic soil and black soil) and one sand. Conidial suspensions (1×107 conidia mL−1) of Cm were applied to sieved (2 mm screen) soil or sand in glass tubes to test vertical dissemination (VD) and in aluminum boxes to test horizontal dissemination (HD) of conidia. Results showed that conidia of Cm could be disseminated with water and spread in soil or sand for 16–20 cm vertically and for 5–10 cm horizontally. The conidial concentration of Cm was logarithmically reduced with the increase in depth of VD or the distance of HD. Dissemination of Cm conidia in sand was better than that in four soils. Potting experiments were done to further understand the potential of water-assisted dissemination of Cm conidia in suppression of Ss carpogenic germination. Results showed that more apothecia were produced by Ss sclerotia located at the soil surface than those at 5 and 10 cm in depth. The minimum Cm concentration for suppression of Ss carpogenic germination was 1000 conidia g−1 soil. Two-season field trials indicated that water-assisted application of Cm was an effective strategy used at the time for transplanting oilseed rape seedlings to suppress Ss carpogenic germination, thereby reducing the primary infection source for sclerotinia diseases of oilseed rape.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".