Performance Assessment of an Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System for Heating and Cooling Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents energy and exergy analyses of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) integrated with a building heating and cooling system. In this regard, a typical bidirectional ATES integrated with a heat pump (HP) is considered in the provision of required heating and cooling demands. The different ATES components and the operating principle are described. Furthermore, energy and exergy models are formulated for three subprocesses: charging, storing, and discharging, to track changes in energy and exergy quantities with discharging time. The energetic and exergetic efficiencies are then evaluated for both operating cases. The limitation of the use of energy efficiency for ATES performance assessment is elaborated. In contrast, the importance of exergy analysis as a practical and temperature sensitive tool is considered as a quantitative and a qualitative measure of the ATES performance. Additionally, a comparison between energetic and exergetic efficiencies is presented where energy efficiency involves some ambiguities, especially when energy recovered from ATES is at a low temperature rather than at an ambient temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".