Tendon Transfer Surgery in Upper-Extremity Cerebral Palsy Is More Effective Than Botulinum Toxin Injections or Regular, Ongoing Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: For children with upper-extremity cerebral palsy (CP) who meet standard indications for tendon transfer surgery, we hypothesized that surgical treatment would result in greater functional improvement than treatment with botulinum toxin injections or regular, ongoing therapy. METHODS: Thirty-nine children with upper-extremity CP, who were four to sixteen years of age and surgical candidates for the transfer of the flexor carpi ulnaris to the extensor carpi radialis brevis, pronator teres release, and extensor pollicis longus rerouting with adductor pollicis release, were prospectively assigned, either randomly (twenty-nine patients) or by patient/family preference (ten patients), to one of three treatment groups: surgical treatment (Group 1); botulinum toxin injections (Group 2); or regular, ongoing therapy (Group 3). Seven centers participated. Assessment measurements included active range of motion, pinch and grip strength, stereognosis, and scores as measured with eight additional functional or patient-oriented outcome instruments. Thirty-four patients (twenty-five randomized and nine from the patient-preference arm) were evaluated twelve months post-treatment as the study cohort. RESULTS: For the primary outcome of the Shriners Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE) dynamic positional analysis (DPA), significantly greater improvement was seen in Group 1 than in the other two groups (p < 0.001). Improvements in SHUEE DPA reflected improved supination and wrist extension during functional activities after surgical treatment. Group 1 showed more improvement in the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) CP module domain of movement and in the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) score for satisfaction than Groups 2 and 3. Both Groups 1 and 3 showed more improvement in pinch strength than did Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: For children with upper-extremity CP who were candidates for standard tendon transfer, surgical treatment was demonstrated to provide greater improvement, of modest magnitude, than botulinum toxin injections or regular, ongoing therapy at twelve months of follow-up for the SHUEE DPA, the PedsQL CP module domain of movement, and COPM satisfaction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".