Predation on reptiles and birds by the common buzzard,<i>Buteo buteo</i>, in relation to changes in its main prey, voles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has commonly been assumed that predators whose main prey are voles reduce their predation on other prey when voles are abundant. This assumption may, however, not be valid for slow-moving and ground-dwelling prey species with habitat demands similar to those of voles. In southern Norway, the field vole, Microtus agrestis, is an important prey for the common buzzard, Buteo buteo. Two other important groups of prey are birds and reptiles. In a forested study area with cyclic vole populations, prey remains and pellets were collected from buzzard nest sites in 2 peak vole years and 3 low vole years. Birds were most important as prey when vole populations were low. Reptiles, on the other hand, were most common as prey in peak vole years, possibly because the buzzards then concentrated on hunting ground-dwelling prey in habitats with high vole populations. In the study area, this was mainly clearcuts, which were commonly used also by basking reptiles. The vole-hunting adder, Vipera berus, may be especially vulnerable to buzzard predation in peak vole years because it is probably attracted to the vole-rich patches utilized by the buzzard.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".