Determinants of false alarms in staging flocks of semipalmated sandpipers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
False alarms occur when animals flee abruptly upon detection of a threat that subsequently proved harmless. False alarms are common in many species of birds and mammals and account for a surprisingly high proportion of all alarms. False alarms are expected to be more frequent in larger groups, where the odds of misclassifying threats are higher, and under environmental conditions where detection of threats is compromised, such as low light levels. In addition, false alarms should be less frequent when the energetic cost of fleeing increases. I examined these hypotheses in roosting flocks of staging semipalmated sandpipers (<it>Calidris pusilla</it>) over 2 years. False alarms increased with group size but the effect of group size was confounded by the fact that more attacks by falcons (<it>Falco</it> spp.) were directed at larger roosts. False alarms were more frequent at low light levels and later during staging. As individuals double their body mass during staging, the energetic cost of fleeing must greatly increase thus contributing to decreased responsiveness. A simple reduction in responsiveness caused by repeated exposures to harmless signals would also produce a temporal decrease in responsiveness but this hypothesis cannot account for the effect of group size and light level. Study of the determinants of false alarms provides an opportunity to examine adjustments in behavior in relation to changes in perceived predation risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".