Nutrient export from freshwater ecosystems by anadromous sockeye salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anadromous and semelparous salmon transport nutrients from the ocean to fresh waters when they return to spawn and die, a process inspiring a large body of research on the role of salmon-derived nutrients in coastal ecosystems. However, salmon also transport nutrients out of fresh waters when they migrate to the ocean as smolts. Using a total of 76 years of age-specific smolt-migration and adult-escapement data, we calculated the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) imported and exported from four major systems in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Smolts removed an average of 16% of the phosphorus and 12% of the nitrogen that their parents transported into fresh waters. The percentage of parental nutrients that smolts exported varied through time and among sites, ranging from 1% to 65% of the phosphorus and from less than 1% to 47% of the nitrogen. In systems where smolts were larger, they exported a higher percentage of nutrients. Depending on the strength of density-dependence, smolts could theoretically export more nutrients than their parents import to freshwater ecosystems at low spawning densities. Ignoring nutrient export by outgoing smolts will consistently lead to overestimation of nutrient import by Pacific salmon to freshwater ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".