Immunohistochemical study of BRAF V600E mutant protein expression in high-grade sarcomas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BRAF V600E is a mutation present in numerous neoplasms, including melanomas, thyroid, colorectal and ovarian carcinomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. Vemurafenib, a BRAF V600E kinase inhibitor has been successfully used in the treatment of melanoma. The role of this mutation in unclassified high-grade sarcomas, malignancies with very limited treatment options, has not been widely studied. Because of the availability of a highly sensitive and specific antibody (VE1) against the BRAF V600E mutant protein, we tested 48 cases of unclassified high-grade sarcomas. Cytoplasmic expression intensity was graded as negative (0), or positive (2+ or 3+) by two pathologists and a pathology resident. Forty one out of 48 specimens remained intact in the cores after immunohistochemistry (IHC) processing. Six of the 41 cases (15%) were scored as positive. In addition, non-specific nuclear staining was detected in 12/88 cores (14%). The 6 positive cases were tested for the BRAF V600E mutation by RT-PCR, and all were negative. Based on these results, we concluded that BRAF V600E mutation is rare in unclassified high-grade sarcomas, and because of the non-specific staining, results should be interpreted with caution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".