Crystalline MnO[sub 2] as Possible Alternatives to Amorphous Compounds in Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Manganese dioxide compounds with various structures were synthesized and tested as "bulk" composite electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. The capacitance of the set of compounds having Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas larger than reached a maximum value of about . The capacitance of all amorphous compounds (except one) is due to faradaic processes localized at the surface and subsurface regions of the electrode. Further increasing the surface area does not provide additional capacitance. The capacitance of the crystallized materials is clearly dependent upon the crystalline structure, especially with the size of the tunnels able to provide limited cations intercalation. Thus, the 2D structure of birnessite materials gives an advantage to obtain relatively high capacitance values considering their moderate BET surface area . 1D tunnel structure such as γ- or is characterized by only a pseudofaradic surface capacitance and therefore relies on the BET surface area of the crystalline materials. 3D tunnel structure such as shows some intermediate behavior between birnessite and 1D tunnel structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".