Electrochemical reduction of aqueous nitrate ion at tin cathodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The remediation of nitrate-contaminated water using electrochemical reduction at a tin cathode has previously been shown to give almost quantitative denitrification (removal of dissolved nitrogen species) under highly cathodic polarization. A particular focus of this project was to identify specific role(s) for tin in the reaction in the context of the previous literature. The current efficiency for denitrification was enhanced in alkaline solution, and the reaction was accelerated by the presence of small concentrations of Sn(II) salts, which are in a dynamic exchange between cathodic deposition and corrosion of the cathode. Literature precedent indicates that Sn(II) salts promote the “dimerization” pathway of NO to hyponitrite in preference to reduction to ammonia. Hyponitrite is a known intermediate in the electrochemical reduction of nitrate, but its spontaneous decomposition gives predominantly N 2 O, which does not reduce further to N 2 . We have shown that hyponitrite is reduced electrochemically in competition with its thermal decomposition, which provides a pathway to N 2 via the spontaneous dehydration of HO−NH−NH−OH. The possible role of surface-bound Sn−H species in the reduction mechanism is discussed, but further work is needed to substantiate this proposal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".