The Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan <i>GPC3</i> Is a Potential Lung Tumor Suppressor
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently, we used gene expression profiling of lung adenocarcinoma and paired normal tissue from smokers and nonsmokers to identify genes and molecular pathways associated with cigarette smoking and lung carcinogenesis. The gene encoding Glypican 3, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked heparan sulfate proteoglycan, was decreased in lung adenocarcinoma. Within nonmalignant lung, GPC3 expression was decreased in smokers compared with nonsmokers; indicating that expression is associated with cigarette smoking. Microarray results were confirmed using an independent cohort of tumors and nonmalignant lung tissues. Immunohistochemical studies localized Glypican 3 protein expression to the apical surface of lung bronchiolar epithelial cells, potential cells of origin for adenocarcinoma. Northern blot analysis demonstrated expression was absent in all tested non-small cell lung carcinoma lines. Pharmacologic treatment of lung cell lines indicated that GPC3 expression was epigenetically silenced by promoter hypermethylation. Human lung carcinoma tumor cells ectopically expressing GPC3 demonstrated increased apoptosis response when exposed to etoposide and growth inhibition when implanted in nude mice. These findings suggest that GPC3 is a candidate lung tumor suppressor gene whose expression may be regulated by exposure to cigarette smoke and functions to modulate cellular response to exogenous damage.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it